**Physical Properties of Steel**
Steel is a widely used material in engineering and construction due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, understanding its physical characteristics is essential for proper application and performance evaluation. Below is an overview of the key physical properties of steel, including their symbols, units, and definitions.
| **Name** | **Symbol** | **Unit** | **Description** |
|----------|------------|----------|-----------------|
| 1. Density | Ï | g/cm³ | Density refers to the mass of a substance per unit volume. It indicates how tightly packed the atoms are within the material. |
| 2. Thermal Properties | - | - | These include melting point, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and linear expansion coefficient. |
| (1) Melting Point | - | °C | The temperature at which steel changes from solid to liquid state. |
| (2) Specific Heat Capacity | c | J/(kg·K) | The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of steel by 1 K. |
| (3) Thermal Conductivity | k | W/(m·K) | Measures the ability of steel to conduct heat through its structure. |
| (4) Linear Expansion Coefficient | α | 10â»â¶/K | Describes how much steel expands per degree Celsius increase in temperature. |
| 3. Electrical Properties | - | - | These include resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistance, and conductivity. |
| (1) Resistivity | Ï | Ω·m | A measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. |
| (2) Temperature Coefficient of Resistance | Î±Ï | 1/°C | Indicates how the resistivity of steel changes with temperature. |
| (3) Conductivity | σ | S/m or %IACS | The reciprocal of resistivity; it shows how well steel can conduct electricity. |
| 4. Magnetic Properties | - | - | Important for applications involving magnetic fields. |
| (1) Magnetic Permeability | μ | H/m | A measure of how easily a material can be magnetized. Soft magnetic materials have high permeability. |
| (2) Magnetic Induction | B | T | Represents the total magnetic field inside a material, including both external and internal contributions. |
| (3) Magnetic Field Strength | H | A/m | Describes the strength of the magnetic field produced by an electric current. |
| (4) Coercivity | Hc | A/m | The magnetic field required to reduce the magnetization of steel to zero after saturation. |
| (5) Iron Loss | P | W/kg | Energy lost as heat due to hysteresis and eddy currents during magnetic cycling. |
Understanding these properties helps engineers select the right type of steel for different applications, whether for structural support, electrical components, or magnetic devices.
**Editor: Hardware Business Network Information Center**
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