**Physical Properties of Steel**
Steel is a widely used metal alloy known for its strength, durability, and versatility. Understanding its physical properties helps in selecting the right type of steel for specific applications. Below is an overview of key physical properties of steel:
| **Name** | **Symbol** | **Unit** | **Description** |
|----------|------------|----------|-----------------|
| 1. **Density** | Ï | g/cm³ | Density refers to the mass per unit volume of a material. It determines how heavy or light a material is. For steel, typical density ranges from 7.75 to 8.05 g/cm³. |
| 2. **Thermal Properties** | | | Thermal properties describe how steel reacts to heat. |
| (a) **Melting Point** | - | °C | The temperature at which steel transitions from solid to liquid state. The melting point varies depending on the alloy composition, typically between 1370°C and 1510°C. |
| (b) **Specific Heat Capacity** | c | J/(kg·K) | This measures the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of steel by one degree Kelvin. It generally ranges from 450 to 500 J/(kg·K). |
| (c) **Thermal Conductivity** | k | W/(m·K) | Indicates how well steel conducts heat. For example, stainless steel has lower thermal conductivity compared to carbon steel. |
| (d) **Linear Expansion Coefficient** | α | 10â»â¶/K | Describes how much steel expands when heated. Values usually range from 10 to 13 × 10â»â¶/K. |
| 3. **Electrical Properties** | | | These properties are important in applications involving electrical systems. |
| (a) **Resistivity** | Ï | Ω·m | Resistivity measures the ability of steel to resist electric current. It varies with the alloy composition and temperature. |
| (b) **Temperature Coefficient of Resistance** | Î±Ï | 1/°C | This reflects how the resistance of steel changes with temperature. |
| (c) **Conductivity** | σ | S/m or %IACS | Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity and indicates how easily electricity flows through steel. |
| 4. **Magnetic Properties** | | | Magnetic characteristics are crucial in applications like motors and transformers. |
| (a) **Magnetic Permeability** | μ | H/m | Measures how easily a material can be magnetized. Soft magnetic steels have high permeability, while hard steels have low values. |
| (b) **Magnetic Induction** | B | T | Represents the magnetic field inside a material. It depends on both the applied magnetic field and the material’s magnetization. |
| (c) **Magnetic Field Strength** | H | A/m | Refers to the intensity of the magnetic field produced around a conductor carrying current. |
| (d) **Coercivity** | Hc | A/m | The resistance of a material to demagnetization. Higher coercivity means stronger permanent magnets. |
| (e) **Iron Loss** | P | W/kg | Energy lost due to hysteresis and eddy currents during alternating magnetization. |
Understanding these physical properties allows engineers and scientists to make informed decisions about the use of steel in various industries, including construction, automotive, and electronics.
Editor: Hardware Business Network Information Center
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