Thickeners come in various types and are classified based on their origin, production method, and the way they interact with the coating system. Common classifications include organic (such as polyurethane or cellulose-based), inorganic (like bentonite or attapulgite), natural or synthetic, and by their mechanism of action—such as swelling, dissolution, or associative thickening. In architectural coatings, popular thickeners include HEUR (e.g., polyurethane), HASE (or ASE), HEC (or HMEC), and inorganic materials like bentonite and attapulgite.
Each type of thickener has unique characteristics that influence the performance of the final paint:
HEUR (Hydrophobic Associative Emulsion Rheology) thickeners, such as polyurethane-based ones, are non-ionic and have surfactant-like properties. Their thickening effect is highly sensitive to water, co-solvents, and surfactants. They improve flow and leveling, enhance film gloss, and offer good scrub resistance and alkali resistance. They also prevent flocculation in latex paints, resulting in a dense, uniform film with excellent penetration resistance and corrosion protection. Additionally, they are not affected by electrolytes and do not biodegrade easily.
HASE (Hydrophilic Associative Emulsion Rheology) or ASE (Alkali-Swellable Emulsion) thickeners are anionic and highly pH-sensitive. They create a flocculated, uneven system, which can reduce gloss. These thickeners generally have poor water and corrosion resistance, are sensitive to electrolytes, and do not biodegrade.
Cellulose-based thickeners like HEC (Hydroxyethyl Cellulose) or HMEC are non-ionic and pH-insensitive. However, they also form a flocculated system, which may affect the gloss of the coating. They are biodegradable but less effective in high-shear conditions compared to other types.
Inorganic thickeners, such as bentonite, exhibit strong thixotropy and have minimal impact on medium to high shear viscosity. Compared to alkali-soluble or cellulose thickeners, they provide better stability in certain applications.
The choice of thickener depends on the desired decorative effect and rheological behavior of the coating:
In high PVC systems, HAS660 is often used alone or combined with PU for optimal performance.
For mercerized, semi-gloss, or high-gloss finishes, HEUR thickeners like DSX3116, DSX3256, or DSX1550 are preferred to maintain gloss and avoid the use of flocculating thickeners like cellulose, which can lower gloss and limit PVC improvements.
In fine-particle, high-emulsion, and high-pigment systems, Newtonian thickeners such as DSX3075 are recommended to achieve a stable thickening curve, while avoiding low- or medium-shear thickeners like T1550.
For coatings requiring strong thixotropy, such as those used in brushing applications, thickeners like DSX1130 or DSX3290 are ideal for achieving the right consistency and application performance.
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