According to data released by the US Energy Information Administration, US biodiesel production in August 2015 was 123 million gallons, an increase of 2 million gallons from July. It seems that biodiesel is not expected to develop very rapidly, but looking at China, it is another scene: more than 50 national biodiesel manufacturers, with a total capacity of more than 3.5 million tons, equivalent to the actual production in the United States for one month. There are 16 biodiesel companies with a capacity of more than 100,000 tons, and the largest scale is 300,000 tons. However, in terms of production, the capacity utilization rate is only 20%-25%. China's biodiesel is experiencing two days of ice and fire, and exploring the development path in the cold wave is the consensus of all practitioners. Yang Chuanfang, a national expert on “Thousand Talents†and a researcher at the Institute of Process Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that the problem of biodiesel in China is mainly concentrated on raw materials and costs. If the industry wants to develop, it must rely on policy support, and the scale is the only way.
Dark horse biodiesel
The transformation and upgrading of energy structure has always been a long-standing topic. China has long been in the status quo of "rich coal, lean oil and less gas." Statistics show that between 2001 and 2006, China's annual consumption of disposable energy is more than 90%, while the utilization of new energy such as wind, solar and biomass is still very low. The deterioration of the energy structure has brought about concerns about national security. When domestic oil exploitation is exhausted or international wars break out and overseas import channels are blocked, can we still produce and live normally?
Yang Chuanfang believes that such concerns are the source of China's energy policy. He believes that coal will still be the main energy source for a long period of time. We should not give up the technical channel of coal conversion to clean energy. The technologies of coal-to-hydrogen and coal-to-liquid should be the development of the post-coal era. In terms of oil, China's crude oil refining capacity has reached 430 million to 470 million or even 500 million tons per year, of which about 300 million tons are used as power oil, that is, driving vehicles such as cars and trucks to drive normally. Among the 300 million tons of power oil, the diesel market accounts for the largest proportion. Diesel is more powerful than gasoline, but the emission of sulfur and other pollutants on the explosion table restricts the further promotion of diesel. Since the massive outbreak of haze in 2012, China has gradually focused on the control and upgrading of oil products, and listed the upgrading of diesel oil as the key work of emission reduction.
In Europe, which experienced industrial diseases earlier than China, it began to test the equivalent of national V standard diesel in the 1990s. It has been widely used. The United States also began to promote the high-quality ultra-low sulfur for road vehicles in 2006. The content of diesel. China is currently working on the promotion of National IV standards nationwide. It is planned to implement the National IV standard nationwide in 2017. At the same time, large-scale cities such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Zhejiang and Shanghai will begin to promote the national V standard, and it is planned to be January 2018. Beginning the country needs to promote the national V standard. In this way, even if China completes the plan formulated by the state on time, it is 12 years later than the United States. How to achieve oil upgrading and structural adjustment under the severe emission reduction situation is a major issue facing China.
The emergence of biodiesel has found a possible solution to the problem. According to Yang Chuanfang, biomass diesel oil has low oil content, low sulfur oxides and particulate matter emissions, and is inherently degradable, so it is a rare environmentally friendly energy source. "China's development of biomass diesel will shed its dependence on imported crude oil to a certain extent. At the same time, the huge biomass diesel industry chain will create a lot of employment opportunities for China."
Not only Yang Chuanfang, most of the people working in fuel oil smelled the breath of this dark horse, and some people praised it as the fuel most likely to replace oil. Yang Chuanfang did not agree: "The environmental protection of biodiesel is unquestionable, but it is necessary to correctly understand that biomass energy can only play a part in improving the environment, but it will not play a major role. I don't think biodiesel can completely replace it. Petroleum fuel, because for a long time, the mass production of biodiesel is completely out of scale for fossil diesel.†He analyzed that the reason for this is that biodiesel and fossil diesel are very close in viscosity and density. At the same time, biodiesel also has the advantages of degradability and low emission of sulfur oxides, so some people are pre-emptive. Yang Chuanfang predicts that biodiesel will partially replace the use of traditional diesel in the future, reaching a market share of 5-10%.
China "treasure" trench oil
Under the broad prospects, China faces unique problems. The raw materials for biodiesel mainly come from oily crops, including flax, soybean, rubberseed, ramie, cottonseed, rapeseed, jatropha, sylvestris, etc. The demand for oil crops is huge; but the population of China has exceeded 1.4 billion. Although the country is vast but the area of ​​cultivated land is limited, the 1.8 billion mu of cultivated land red line has been strictly observed throughout the year. This determines that China cannot use staple crops as biomass energy raw materials, and biodiesel must give way to solving the problem of food and clothing. China has staged research results on plant growth characteristics, cultivation and distribution, but it does not have the conditions for large-scale and commercialization of raw materials for biodiesel. Since the problem of raw materials has not been solved for a long time, biodiesel has not formed a large-scale production capacity, and biodiesel enterprises cannot get out of the "weak and poor" mud.
According to Yang Chuanfang, the 10 years after 2000 is a golden period for the development of biodiesel industry, and a small-scale production base has been formed in Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu and Guangdong, and the internal standard of BD100 has been formed. Some subsidy policies have been formulated. However, the long-term unresolved issue of raw material supply and the recent decline in global oil prices have further reduced the profit margin of biodiesel. "The industry has been in a state of loss and weakness for a long time. The national policy has gradually reduced the support for biodiesel until it disappears. The industry continues to deteriorate and even enterprises stop production and bankruptcy. Biodiesel has entered a vicious circle." Solving the dilemma of the biodiesel industry, the core The problem lies in raw materials. In addition to large-scale, industrialized non-food crops, domestic related practitioners have conducted long-term market research, hoping to find more feasible solutions.
At this time, the trench oil sword slanted in the eyes of people. “In addition to extracting from plants, biodiesel can also be extracted from kitchen waste oil.†According to Yang Chuanfang, due to eating habits and population base, China consumes 22.52 million tons of edible oil per year, of which 10% will become trenches. oil. "At present, the treatment of waste oil is generally processed into small cooking oil and returned to the table after cooking. However, the oil treated in this way is quite harmful to the human body. China should aim at the waste oil and vigorously develop the waste oil as a living organism. The path of diesel raw materials can not only greatly alleviate the dilemma of biodiesel raw materials, but also control the food hygiene level. It is really a stone and two birds."
Yang Chuanfang calculated an economic account for us: based on the annual use of 150 million tons of diesel fuel in the country, if 5% of biodiesel is added, the hard demand for biodiesel can reach 7.5 million tons. The hard demand has reached a considerable scale, and it is possible to build 100-200 biodiesel production plants around large cities around the country. Taking Wuhan as an example, the amount of waste oil in Wuhan is 130,000 tons per year. If all of the 130,000 tons of waste oil is recycled as biodiesel raw materials, a biodiesel plant with an annual output of 100,000 tons can be built in Wuhan. There are still many large cities in the country with the same scale as Wuhan. It is foreseeable that the market prospect of preparing biodiesel through waste oil will be very broad, and the contradiction between the main food crops for food consumption and industrial production will be the source of China's biodiesel. Constant sources of raw materials, it seems that the dilemma of raw materials will be solved.
In order to ensure that the trench oil is completely industrially manufactured, it is necessary to establish a complete trench oil recovery network. Yang Chuanfang believes that the role of legislation and law enforcement in the establishment of the network is extremely important: “At present, the collection of waste oil is decentralized. The waste oil is collected in the spontaneous areas of individual small workshops and becomes processed after being processed by unregulated small workshops. Edible oil. In the construction of recycling network, we can't rely solely on industry power. The most important driving force is the government. It needs to set up some people to make fixed purchases, then store them after registration, and then concentrate on the production of biodiesel around the big cities. However, in this case, there is a law enforcement issue that requires the issuance of a qualification certificate for the purchase of the waste oil to ensure that the waste oil will be supplied to the manufacturer."
Scale effect will break the price short board
This year, relevant personnel in Hainan, Yunnan, Hubei and other places found that China's biodiesel enterprises are struggling to develop, and the gap with foreign countries is getting bigger and bigger, and they are caught in the predicament of large-scale production enterprises losing money or even stopping production. At the peak of biodiesel development, more than 300 companies involved in production nationwide have now shrunk to less than 30 companies. Li Qin, director of the coordination and technical equipment department of the Yunnan Provincial Energy Bureau, said that Yunnan is fully supporting the biodiesel industry, but the current annual production capacity of biodiesel is only 18,000 tons, and it is not actual production. From the previous development, the production and consumption reached 5 in 2015. The planning targets of 10,000 tons to 100,000 tons are far apart.
The promising forecast for the biodiesel market seems to be still yesterday, but the reality is to use the numbers to brutally remind the industry to languish. Yang Chuanfang recalled: "The golden period of biodiesel development is at a time when oil prices are high, because the price of biodiesel is at a high level, and only when the price of oil rises, it has a competitive advantage. But now, biodiesel is more expensive than ordinary diesel. For the time being, we will not talk about the national V diesel that has not yet been turned. The current national III diesel price is 4,000-5,000 yuan per ton, and the national V diesel price is between 6000-6500 yuan. The current price of biodiesel and the price of national V diesel. It is flat." The current sharp drop in oil prices has caused a sharp impact on the biodiesel market. If national legislation enacts the combination of biodiesel and fossil diesel, it may save biodiesel, but such oil must be strictly controlled in quality before it can be used on a motor vehicle. The use of 100% biodiesel as a fuel is only possible in special circumstances, such as ferries, or short-distance driving.
The high price determines that biodiesel can only develop like duckweed with the fluctuation of market oil prices. According to economic survey, the higher production cost is the biggest obstacle to the industrialization of biodiesel in China. How to reduce production costs, Yang Chuanfang suggested that the road should be scaled up: Anyone who has studied the economy knows that scale effect is the most direct and convenient way to reduce costs. Building 1,000 of the same small-scale fertilizer plants is not as profitable as building 10 100-fold fertilizer plants, because large chemical plants have reduced costs and won profits. However, the current annual production capacity of biodiesel plants in our country is between 10,000 and 50,000 tons, which is not a scale at all. Yang Chuanfang believes that there are many foreign countries with a production capacity of more than 100,000 tons of biodiesel plants. “The United States had legislative protection for biodiesel a few years ago. The law stipulates that biodiesel must be added to diesel fuel, and there is also a certain degree of subsidy for biodiesel producers and gas stations selling biodiesel.†Obstacles to remove raw materials The strong support of national policies is an important driving force for the US biodiesel.
The website of the National Energy Administration of China published the "Biodiesel Industry Development Policy" on January 23 this year, scientifically formulating industrial plans, strengthening the coordination of planning at all levels, and guiding the standardized and orderly development of the biodiesel industry. Yang Chuanfang pointed out that in recent years the state has issued large and small guidance, but the specific support policies are late and late. He suggested that the national level should first focus on the strategic position of biodiesel and then issue an implementation policy as soon as possible. “The country needs to subsidize some enterprises that use waste oil for biodiesel in a few years; in addition, in order to strengthen the market competitiveness of biodiesel, tax reduction of biodiesel can be considered; finally, the country can start to build around Beijing and Hebei. And the pilot construction of surrounding cities, after the success of the model, it can be promoted by the national one hundred factories. For such high value-added industries, the general practice of the government is to subsidize first, form a certain scale of the industrial chain and gradually withdraw, and finally let the market rules guide the industrial development. ."
Yang Chuanfang, a national “Thousand Talents Program†expert, researcher at the Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Dark horse biodiesel
The transformation and upgrading of energy structure has always been a long-standing topic. China has long been in the status quo of "rich coal, lean oil and less gas." Statistics show that between 2001 and 2006, China's annual consumption of disposable energy is more than 90%, while the utilization of new energy such as wind, solar and biomass is still very low. The deterioration of the energy structure has brought about concerns about national security. When domestic oil exploitation is exhausted or international wars break out and overseas import channels are blocked, can we still produce and live normally?
Yang Chuanfang believes that such concerns are the source of China's energy policy. He believes that coal will still be the main energy source for a long period of time. We should not give up the technical channel of coal conversion to clean energy. The technologies of coal-to-hydrogen and coal-to-liquid should be the development of the post-coal era. In terms of oil, China's crude oil refining capacity has reached 430 million to 470 million or even 500 million tons per year, of which about 300 million tons are used as power oil, that is, driving vehicles such as cars and trucks to drive normally. Among the 300 million tons of power oil, the diesel market accounts for the largest proportion. Diesel is more powerful than gasoline, but the emission of sulfur and other pollutants on the explosion table restricts the further promotion of diesel. Since the massive outbreak of haze in 2012, China has gradually focused on the control and upgrading of oil products, and listed the upgrading of diesel oil as the key work of emission reduction.
In Europe, which experienced industrial diseases earlier than China, it began to test the equivalent of national V standard diesel in the 1990s. It has been widely used. The United States also began to promote the high-quality ultra-low sulfur for road vehicles in 2006. The content of diesel. China is currently working on the promotion of National IV standards nationwide. It is planned to implement the National IV standard nationwide in 2017. At the same time, large-scale cities such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Zhejiang and Shanghai will begin to promote the national V standard, and it is planned to be January 2018. Beginning the country needs to promote the national V standard. In this way, even if China completes the plan formulated by the state on time, it is 12 years later than the United States. How to achieve oil upgrading and structural adjustment under the severe emission reduction situation is a major issue facing China.
The emergence of biodiesel has found a possible solution to the problem. According to Yang Chuanfang, biomass diesel oil has low oil content, low sulfur oxides and particulate matter emissions, and is inherently degradable, so it is a rare environmentally friendly energy source. "China's development of biomass diesel will shed its dependence on imported crude oil to a certain extent. At the same time, the huge biomass diesel industry chain will create a lot of employment opportunities for China."
Not only Yang Chuanfang, most of the people working in fuel oil smelled the breath of this dark horse, and some people praised it as the fuel most likely to replace oil. Yang Chuanfang did not agree: "The environmental protection of biodiesel is unquestionable, but it is necessary to correctly understand that biomass energy can only play a part in improving the environment, but it will not play a major role. I don't think biodiesel can completely replace it. Petroleum fuel, because for a long time, the mass production of biodiesel is completely out of scale for fossil diesel.†He analyzed that the reason for this is that biodiesel and fossil diesel are very close in viscosity and density. At the same time, biodiesel also has the advantages of degradability and low emission of sulfur oxides, so some people are pre-emptive. Yang Chuanfang predicts that biodiesel will partially replace the use of traditional diesel in the future, reaching a market share of 5-10%.
China "treasure" trench oil
Under the broad prospects, China faces unique problems. The raw materials for biodiesel mainly come from oily crops, including flax, soybean, rubberseed, ramie, cottonseed, rapeseed, jatropha, sylvestris, etc. The demand for oil crops is huge; but the population of China has exceeded 1.4 billion. Although the country is vast but the area of ​​cultivated land is limited, the 1.8 billion mu of cultivated land red line has been strictly observed throughout the year. This determines that China cannot use staple crops as biomass energy raw materials, and biodiesel must give way to solving the problem of food and clothing. China has staged research results on plant growth characteristics, cultivation and distribution, but it does not have the conditions for large-scale and commercialization of raw materials for biodiesel. Since the problem of raw materials has not been solved for a long time, biodiesel has not formed a large-scale production capacity, and biodiesel enterprises cannot get out of the "weak and poor" mud.
According to Yang Chuanfang, the 10 years after 2000 is a golden period for the development of biodiesel industry, and a small-scale production base has been formed in Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu and Guangdong, and the internal standard of BD100 has been formed. Some subsidy policies have been formulated. However, the long-term unresolved issue of raw material supply and the recent decline in global oil prices have further reduced the profit margin of biodiesel. "The industry has been in a state of loss and weakness for a long time. The national policy has gradually reduced the support for biodiesel until it disappears. The industry continues to deteriorate and even enterprises stop production and bankruptcy. Biodiesel has entered a vicious circle." Solving the dilemma of the biodiesel industry, the core The problem lies in raw materials. In addition to large-scale, industrialized non-food crops, domestic related practitioners have conducted long-term market research, hoping to find more feasible solutions.
At this time, the trench oil sword slanted in the eyes of people. “In addition to extracting from plants, biodiesel can also be extracted from kitchen waste oil.†According to Yang Chuanfang, due to eating habits and population base, China consumes 22.52 million tons of edible oil per year, of which 10% will become trenches. oil. "At present, the treatment of waste oil is generally processed into small cooking oil and returned to the table after cooking. However, the oil treated in this way is quite harmful to the human body. China should aim at the waste oil and vigorously develop the waste oil as a living organism. The path of diesel raw materials can not only greatly alleviate the dilemma of biodiesel raw materials, but also control the food hygiene level. It is really a stone and two birds."
Yang Chuanfang calculated an economic account for us: based on the annual use of 150 million tons of diesel fuel in the country, if 5% of biodiesel is added, the hard demand for biodiesel can reach 7.5 million tons. The hard demand has reached a considerable scale, and it is possible to build 100-200 biodiesel production plants around large cities around the country. Taking Wuhan as an example, the amount of waste oil in Wuhan is 130,000 tons per year. If all of the 130,000 tons of waste oil is recycled as biodiesel raw materials, a biodiesel plant with an annual output of 100,000 tons can be built in Wuhan. There are still many large cities in the country with the same scale as Wuhan. It is foreseeable that the market prospect of preparing biodiesel through waste oil will be very broad, and the contradiction between the main food crops for food consumption and industrial production will be the source of China's biodiesel. Constant sources of raw materials, it seems that the dilemma of raw materials will be solved.
In order to ensure that the trench oil is completely industrially manufactured, it is necessary to establish a complete trench oil recovery network. Yang Chuanfang believes that the role of legislation and law enforcement in the establishment of the network is extremely important: “At present, the collection of waste oil is decentralized. The waste oil is collected in the spontaneous areas of individual small workshops and becomes processed after being processed by unregulated small workshops. Edible oil. In the construction of recycling network, we can't rely solely on industry power. The most important driving force is the government. It needs to set up some people to make fixed purchases, then store them after registration, and then concentrate on the production of biodiesel around the big cities. However, in this case, there is a law enforcement issue that requires the issuance of a qualification certificate for the purchase of the waste oil to ensure that the waste oil will be supplied to the manufacturer."
Scale effect will break the price short board
This year, relevant personnel in Hainan, Yunnan, Hubei and other places found that China's biodiesel enterprises are struggling to develop, and the gap with foreign countries is getting bigger and bigger, and they are caught in the predicament of large-scale production enterprises losing money or even stopping production. At the peak of biodiesel development, more than 300 companies involved in production nationwide have now shrunk to less than 30 companies. Li Qin, director of the coordination and technical equipment department of the Yunnan Provincial Energy Bureau, said that Yunnan is fully supporting the biodiesel industry, but the current annual production capacity of biodiesel is only 18,000 tons, and it is not actual production. From the previous development, the production and consumption reached 5 in 2015. The planning targets of 10,000 tons to 100,000 tons are far apart.
The promising forecast for the biodiesel market seems to be still yesterday, but the reality is to use the numbers to brutally remind the industry to languish. Yang Chuanfang recalled: "The golden period of biodiesel development is at a time when oil prices are high, because the price of biodiesel is at a high level, and only when the price of oil rises, it has a competitive advantage. But now, biodiesel is more expensive than ordinary diesel. For the time being, we will not talk about the national V diesel that has not yet been turned. The current national III diesel price is 4,000-5,000 yuan per ton, and the national V diesel price is between 6000-6500 yuan. The current price of biodiesel and the price of national V diesel. It is flat." The current sharp drop in oil prices has caused a sharp impact on the biodiesel market. If national legislation enacts the combination of biodiesel and fossil diesel, it may save biodiesel, but such oil must be strictly controlled in quality before it can be used on a motor vehicle. The use of 100% biodiesel as a fuel is only possible in special circumstances, such as ferries, or short-distance driving.
The high price determines that biodiesel can only develop like duckweed with the fluctuation of market oil prices. According to economic survey, the higher production cost is the biggest obstacle to the industrialization of biodiesel in China. How to reduce production costs, Yang Chuanfang suggested that the road should be scaled up: Anyone who has studied the economy knows that scale effect is the most direct and convenient way to reduce costs. Building 1,000 of the same small-scale fertilizer plants is not as profitable as building 10 100-fold fertilizer plants, because large chemical plants have reduced costs and won profits. However, the current annual production capacity of biodiesel plants in our country is between 10,000 and 50,000 tons, which is not a scale at all. Yang Chuanfang believes that there are many foreign countries with a production capacity of more than 100,000 tons of biodiesel plants. “The United States had legislative protection for biodiesel a few years ago. The law stipulates that biodiesel must be added to diesel fuel, and there is also a certain degree of subsidy for biodiesel producers and gas stations selling biodiesel.†Obstacles to remove raw materials The strong support of national policies is an important driving force for the US biodiesel.
The website of the National Energy Administration of China published the "Biodiesel Industry Development Policy" on January 23 this year, scientifically formulating industrial plans, strengthening the coordination of planning at all levels, and guiding the standardized and orderly development of the biodiesel industry. Yang Chuanfang pointed out that in recent years the state has issued large and small guidance, but the specific support policies are late and late. He suggested that the national level should first focus on the strategic position of biodiesel and then issue an implementation policy as soon as possible. “The country needs to subsidize some enterprises that use waste oil for biodiesel in a few years; in addition, in order to strengthen the market competitiveness of biodiesel, tax reduction of biodiesel can be considered; finally, the country can start to build around Beijing and Hebei. And the pilot construction of surrounding cities, after the success of the model, it can be promoted by the national one hundred factories. For such high value-added industries, the general practice of the government is to subsidize first, form a certain scale of the industrial chain and gradually withdraw, and finally let the market rules guide the industrial development. ."
Yang Chuanfang, a national “Thousand Talents Program†expert, researcher at the Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
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