The communication industry is one of the most critical fields for UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) systems. As the core power source in an entire data center or equipment room, the primary concern for a UPS is reliability, followed by safety, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness. However, discussing green and energy-saving features without addressing the fundamental issue of power quality can be misleading. In a typical computer room power system, components like transformers, diesel generators, ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch), TVSS (Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor), low-voltage distribution cabinets, DC power supplies, UPS units, and batteries all play important roles. Among them, the UPS is the most crucial. It powers the computers, but it also acts as a load on the utility grid. Ideally, a UPS should behave like a purely resistive load, with a power factor close to 1, so it doesn't pollute the grid. In reality, traditional UPS systems often use 50Hz thyristor rectifiers, which introduce significant harmonic distortion into the grid. This harmonic pollution has become a major challenge for users, similar to how chemical plants must manage wastewater discharge. Harmonics are harmful not only because they waste grid resources but also because they distort voltage levels, leading to instability between the UPS and the generator. Typically, the generator's capacity needs to be 2–3 times that of the UPS to prevent operational issues. I’ve encountered real-world cases where certain UPS brands caused frequent circuit breaker trips due to excessive harmonic feedback. This shows the serious impact of harmonics on system stability. The composition of harmonics is complex, and controlling them isn’t as simple as just improving the power factor. Some people think adding capacitors will solve the problem, but this works only for inductive loads like motors. For non-linear loads such as UPS rectifiers, pure capacitance compensation can actually worsen the situation, increasing distortion instead of reducing it. Standard LC filters target specific frequencies—like 5th harmonic filters—but have limited effect on other odd harmonics. The principle remains: "the polluter pays." Many UPS models today use 6-pulse rectifiers, which require input filters to reduce harmonic distortion to around 7% at full load. But when the load drops to 50%, the distortion can rise above 15%. Some manufacturers offer 12-pulse rectifiers, which shift phase using a 30-degree transformer and two sets of 6-pulse rectifiers. At full load, the harmonic distortion can be reduced to 5%, but again, it increases significantly under light load conditions. To address these issues, several methods exist: 1. 6-pulse rectifier + input filter 2. 12-pulse rectifier 3. 12-pulse rectifier + input filter 4. Active filter However, all these solutions involve additional costs and still leave some level of pollution. The root issue lies in the thyristor-based rectifier structure, which inherently generates harmonics. This creates a cycle where users spend more to control what could otherwise be avoided. Enter Eaton’s online UPS with TGRT (True Green Rectifier Technology). These systems fundamentally suppress harmonic distortion, keeping it below 3%, making them a highly effective solution. Unlike traditional rectifiers, the IGBT-based rectifier uses pulse width modulation at 8,300 Hz, effectively acting as a 8,300-pulse system. This results in clean sine wave inputs, no grid pollution, and active harmonic control. Modern servers and computing systems are far more power-dense than before. Blade servers, with their high power density, are now common. Most servers use dual power supplies, and UPS systems typically run in “1+1†redundant parallel mode. As a result, individual UPS units often operate at less than 50% load, sometimes even lower. This means the full-load efficiency stated in specifications is rarely relevant. Instead, efficiency at low loads becomes more important. Some manufacturers claim 95% efficiency at both full and half load, and even 94% at 25% load. However, achieving these numbers often requires additional components like input filters or 12-pulse rectifiers, which can reduce overall efficiency by 2–4%. Many users overlook the long-term cost of operation, focusing only on the initial price. Another approach is bypass energy-saving mode, where the UPS switches to bypass if the utility voltage is stable. While this improves efficiency, it sacrifices protection against power disturbances. The UPS doesn’t isolate the load, and there may be a brief interruption during transfer. Lastly, modern UPS systems include built-in dummy load testing. This allows users to perform full-load battery discharge tests internally, identifying potential issues like loose wiring. This feature not only enhances system reliability but also saves money on external testing equipment and related costs.
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