Common Terminology for Material Standards
Material standards are essential in ensuring consistency, quality, and safety across industrial applications. Below is a detailed explanation of key terms used in the context of material standards, particularly for steel products.
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**1. Standard**
A standard is a set of uniform rules that apply to repetitive tasks or concepts. It is based on scientific, technical, and practical experience and is approved by relevant authorities. In China, steel product standards include national standards (GB, GB/T), industry standards (YB), local standards, and corporate standards. These serve as the basis for compliance and quality assurance.
**2. Technical Conditions**
Technical conditions refer to the performance specifications and quality requirements outlined in a standard. They cover aspects such as chemical composition, physical dimensions, surface quality, mechanical properties, and more. These conditions ensure that the product meets the necessary criteria for its intended use.
**3. Guarantee Conditions**
Guarantee conditions are the inspections that manufacturers must perform to ensure their products meet the required quality standards. There are four types:
- **Basic Guarantee Conditions**: Mandatory requirements that must be met regardless of the buyer's request.
- **Additional Guarantee Conditions**: Required if specified in the contract.
- **Agreement Guarantee Conditions**: Agreed upon between the supplier and buyer and not included in the standard.
- **Reference Conditions**: Not mandatory but may be considered for reference during inspection.
**4. Quality Certificate**
A quality certificate is issued by the manufacturer to confirm that the metal material meets the required standards. It includes details such as the material name, size, weight, and all inspection results. This document serves as proof of quality and is crucial for the buyer’s verification process.
**5. Quality Level**
Quality levels categorize the quality of steel based on surface condition, shape, and dimensional tolerance. For example, primary and secondary grades indicate different levels of quality. Some standards also define multiple levels for specific features like surface finish or decarburization depth.
**6. Accuracy Level**
Accuracy levels relate to the permissible deviation in dimensions. They are categorized as normal precision, high precision, or extra-high precision. The higher the accuracy level, the tighter the dimensional tolerances. Buyers should specify the required accuracy level in contracts.
**7. Brand**
The brand, or grade, of a metal material is a designation indicating its type and quality. In China, these grades often reflect the chemical composition and can help users identify the material's properties and suitability for specific applications.
**8. Variety**
Variety refers to different forms of metal materials, such as sheets, bars, wires, or tubes, based on their shape, production method, heat treatment, or particle size.
**9. Model**
A model is a code that identifies a specific type of metal product. It usually consists of letters and numbers that denote the product’s category, size, or other characteristics. This helps in organizing and identifying different materials easily.
**10. Specification**
Specifications define the sizes of a given variety or type of material. They include both nominal and actual dimensions, along with allowable deviations. Specifications are typically listed in order from smallest to largest in product standards.
**11. Surface Condition**
Surface condition describes the appearance of the material, such as whether it is bright or non-bright. Common surface treatments include polishing, pickling, plating, and annealing. These conditions affect the material’s usability and appearance.
**12. Edge State**
Edge state refers to whether the edges of a strip are trimmed or untrimmed. Trimmed edges are smoother and more suitable for certain applications, while untrimmed edges may be acceptable in others.
**13. Delivery Status**
Delivery status indicates the final processing of the material before delivery. It may include hot rolling, cold rolling, or various heat treatments like normalization, annealing, or quenching.
**14. Hard and Soft Material**
This term refers to the hardness of the material after heat treatment or work hardening. Different grades may be classified as soft, semi-soft, or hard, depending on their intended use.
**15. Portrait and Landscape**
These terms describe the orientation of the material relative to the rolling direction. A "portrait" sample is taken along the rolling direction, while a "landscape" sample is taken perpendicular to it.
**16. Theoretical Quality and Actual Quality**
Theoretical quality is calculated based on nominal dimensions and density, while actual quality is determined by weighing the material. Both are used for billing and inventory purposes.
**17. Nominal Size and Actual Size**
Nominal size is the ideal dimension specified in the standard, while actual size is the real measurement obtained after production. Differences between the two are allowed within specified tolerances.
**18. Deviation and Tolerance**
Deviation refers to the difference between the actual and nominal size, which can be positive or negative. Tolerance is the total allowable deviation range, expressed without direction.
**19. Delivery Length**
Steel delivery lengths are categorized into normal length, fixed length, double length, and short length. Each has specific requirements for cutting and measurement.
**20. Smelting Method**
Smelting methods refer to the type of furnace used in steelmaking, such as open-hearth, electric arc, or vacuum induction furnaces. These methods influence the final properties of the steel.
**21. Chemical Composition**
Chemical composition refers to the elements present in the steel, including main components and impurities. It is expressed as a percentage by weight.
**22. Melting Component**
Melting component refers to the chemical composition of the steel at the time of casting, after desulfurization and deoxidation processes.
**23. Finished Ingredient**
Finished ingredient is the chemical composition of the final product, determined through testing. It is used for quality control and verification by the end user.
**24. High Quality Steel and Special Quality Steel**
High-quality steel (often marked with an "A") is superior to regular steel in terms of carbon content, impurity levels, purity, and mechanical properties. It is used in critical applications where performance and reliability are essential.
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*Editor: Hardware Business Network Information Center*
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