Activated carbon is frequently modified to improve its adsorption performance. Surface chemical properties can be altered through methods such as chemical oxidation, reduction, and loading modification. These techniques allow for the adjustment of acidic and basic groups on the surface, enabling the material to better adsorb substances with varying polarities. Additionally, introducing specific heteroatoms or compounds onto the surface can enhance the adsorption capacity for targeted pollutants or molecules.
The production of activated carbon typically involves high-temperature treatment of carbon-based materials in the presence of steam, ammonia, or air. Alternatively, uncarbonized raw materials may be treated with chemicals like zinc chloride, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, or sulfuric acid. After impregnation with phosphorus or similar agents, the material is burned and activated. During this process, various carbon-containing compounds and disordered carbon are removed between the crystalline structures, and some carbon is also eliminated from the graphite layers. This creates a network of pores that significantly increases the internal surface area, which is the primary reason for activated carbon's strong adsorption capacity.
The adsorption behavior of activated carbon is influenced not only by its pore structure but also by its surface chemistry. Functional groups, heteroatoms, and surface compounds play a crucial role in determining the type of substances that can be effectively adsorbed. During activation, oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxyls, carboxyls, and phenols are formed. These groups act as active sites, giving the surface of activated carbon weak acidic, basic, oxidizing, reducing, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic characteristics. This diversity of surface properties allows activated carbon to interact differently with various types of contaminants.
In general, activated carbon with a higher concentration of acidic oxygen-containing groups tends to adsorb polar substances more efficiently, while those with more basic groups are better suited for non-polar or less polar compounds. Understanding these surface properties helps in tailoring activated carbon for specific applications, such as water purification, gas filtration, or industrial waste treatment.
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