Activated carbon is frequently modified to improve its adsorption capacity. Surface chemical properties can be altered through methods such as chemical oxidation, reduction, and loading. These modifications allow for better control over the surface characteristics, enabling the material to effectively adsorb substances with varying polarities. By introducing specific heteroatoms or functional groups onto the surface, the adsorption efficiency for targeted pollutants or compounds can be significantly enhanced.
The production of activated carbon typically involves treating carbon-rich materials with agents like superheated steam, ammonia, or air at high temperatures. Alternatively, uncarbonized raw materials may be impregnated with chemicals such as zinc chloride, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, or sulfuric acid. After soaking in phosphoric acid or similar reagents, the material is burned and activated to form a porous structure. During activation, non-ordered carbon and various carbon-containing compounds are removed, creating a network of pores. This process increases the surface area, which is crucial for the high adsorption capacity of activated carbon.
The adsorption behavior of activated carbon is influenced not only by its pore structure but also by its surface chemistry. Functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxyl, and phenol groups are formed during activation, contributing to the material’s acidic or basic nature. These groups act as active sites, allowing the surface to exhibit properties such as acidity, alkalinity, oxidizing, reducing, hydrophilicity, and hydrophobicity. The presence of different surface functional groups determines the type of substances that can be efficiently adsorbed.
Generally, activated carbon with more acidic oxygen-containing groups tends to adsorb polar compounds more effectively, while those with higher basic components are better suited for non-polar or weakly polar substances. This versatility makes activated carbon widely used in water purification, air filtration, and industrial applications where selective adsorption is required.
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