China produces 20 million cars annually, yet all engine controllers are imported from abroad. Given this situation, focusing on hybrid power may not be the best strategy. While electric vehicle development has continued globally, it faces challenges due to heavy batteries—longer driving ranges require heavier and bulkier battery systems.
During the early stages of development, a shortcut was to focus on hybrid vehicles. A hybrid car uses a small battery, acting like a reservoir in the car, which only needs around 1 or 2 kWh of electricity. But what’s the purpose of this small battery? The motor can generate power when rotating, but it can also act as a generator when reversed. During braking, the motor reverses and generates electricity, which is stored in the battery to recover some of the braking energy.
Although hybrid technology is relatively mature, it is complex, requiring control of the generator, motor, and battery. China currently lacks mastery of core technologies. With 20 million cars produced each year, but all engine controllers imported, focusing on hybrid power may not be wise.
Pure electric vehicles are simpler, just needing a battery and motor control. However, they have limited range and long charging times, making them less practical for long-distance travel. Despite this, pure electric vehicles are ideal for short daily commutes, especially in urban areas where most families drive under 100 kilometers per day.
The 863 Plan included three types of electric vehicles: hybrid, pure electric, and fuel cell. Fuel cell technology, originally used in aerospace, offers advantages over internal combustion engines. It has no moving parts, fewer wear issues, and a longer lifespan. Future cost reductions could make fuel cells affordable, with a hydrogen tank providing up to 600 km of range and quick refueling.
Despite advancements, infrastructure remains a challenge. Hydrogen production, storage, and distribution need solid plans before widespread adoption. Even if fuel cell tech is mature, market readiness will take time.
In China, new energy vehicles are classified into plug-in hybrids, pure electric, and fuel cell cars. Plug-in hybrids offer larger batteries and better range than traditional hybrids, while pure electric suits daily use. Fuel cell vehicles are ideal for buses, especially in dense cities like Shanghai, where hydrogen availability is manageable.
Electric vehicles may seem expensive, but their long-term costs are lower. A 20 kWh battery costs around 60,000 yuan, but energy costs over 150,000 km are much lower than gasoline. Subsidies help, but without them, electric vehicles still offer value. To promote adoption, new financial models, like low-interest loans, should be introduced.
Electric vehicles can balance energy demand by charging at night, reducing daytime load. Charging infrastructure must evolve, with public stations for emergencies and residential setups for convenience. The State Grid's "battery swapping" model raises concerns about responsibility and standardization.
Government guidance is crucial. Policies should support market growth, build awareness, and encourage a culture of sustainable transportation. As technology improves and costs drop, electric vehicles will become more viable.
While some remain skeptical, early adopters and pilot programs can create momentum. Cities that experiment with electric mobility can set examples for others. Ultimately, a systematic approach is needed to unlock the full potential of new energy vehicles.
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