Green peppers have specific growth requirements, including warm water, high moisture, sufficient fertilization, and high temperatures. However, they are sensitive to environmental changes, prone to disease, and susceptible to root rot. Therefore, different management strategies are needed at various stages of their growth cycle, which can be divided into four key phases.
　　 1. Pre-harvest Management
After planting, the early ground temperature is low, and the roots have limited absorption capacity. It is recommended to implement a "big promotion and small control" strategy, which involves shallow watering and early topdressing. Regular weeding and light cultivation help promote seedling growth. When watering, it’s important to monitor soil moisture and cultivate the soil to improve aeration and increase ground temperature, encouraging healthy root development. After about 8–10 days, a second round of watering is conducted with deeper cultivation (around 7 cm). The soil near the plant should be cultivated lightly, while the area farther away can be cultivated more deeply to enhance soil permeability and warmth. If the seedlings appear yellow or show weak growth, a light application of fertilizer (combined with the second watering) can be beneficial. For example, applying around 500 kg of composted human manure per acre or 7–8 kg of urea is recommended. This stage is known as “seedling control,†aiming to slow down excessive vegetative growth and encourage stronger root development. After the second watering, the plants begin to establish themselves, and watering should be carefully managed to ensure deep root growth, which helps improve fruit set and overall yield. The seedling period usually lasts around one week.
In recent years, the seedling period has been extended, which can affect flowering and fruiting. Once sweet peppers enter the flowering stage, maintaining proper humidity is essential for successful fruit set. Timely watering after the seedling stage not only increases soil moisture but also improves field humidity, which supports better flowering and fruit development. When the first fruits reach the size of large beans and leaves and fruits grow simultaneously, it’s time to provide additional water and nutrients. Applying approximately 500–1000 kg of composted human manure per acre or (quick) urea 10–15 kg, along with some phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, helps strengthen the plants and prevent flower and fruit drop. After fertilizing, it’s important to cultivate the soil when the surface begins to dry, improving aeration and soil fertility.
　　 2 , Fruit Development Stage Management
During the fruit-bearing phase, temperatures gradually rise, rainfall increases, and pests and diseases become more common. This is a critical period for determining yield. Poor growth during this stage can lead to stunted seedlings, rapid viral spread, poor fruit development, and a significant drop in production. Yellowing and shrinking of seedlings may result in little to no harvest. To avoid premature aging, timely harvesting, regular watering, and maintaining consistent soil moisture are essential. It's also important to keep the ridges closed before the high-temperature season starts. Before closing the ridges, the soil should be kept moist and well-fertilized to support continued growth.
　　 3 , Management During High-Temperature Rainy Season
High surface temperatures can hinder the normal growth of green pepper roots. To protect them, it’s important to maintain consistent soil moisture. Watering should be frequent but light, avoiding large amounts that could stress the plants. This approach helps protect the roots from summer heat and allows the plants to recover and produce a second flowering peak.
Green pepper roots are sensitive to waterlogging and can suffer from root suffocation if the soil becomes too wet. During the rainy season, excess water can cause the roots to suffocate, leading to wilting and even death. Therefore, it’s crucial to clear drainage ditches before the rainy season to allow rainwater to drain properly. Sudden rain on sunny days or prolonged rainfall can reduce soil aeration, causing plant wilting. After heavy rains, it’s advisable to water the soil lightly to reduce moisture levels, improve aeration, and prevent root damage.
　　 4 , Late Rejuvenation Management for Fruiting
After the high-temperature rainy season, by late January, the weather becomes cooler and sunnier, creating ideal conditions for crop growth. This is the second peak for green pepper flowering and fruiting. To maximize yield, it’s important to enhance fertilization, promote new branch growth, and encourage more fruiting. Fertilizer can be alternated with watering, applying fast-acting fertilizer two to three times, with about 10–15 kg per acre every 7–8 days. Alternatively, decomposed animal manure can be used to provide additional nutrients and support continued growth.
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