Machine tool cutting is achieved through the relative motion between the cutting tool and the workpiece. This motion can be classified into two main categories: surface forming motion and auxiliary motion.
(1) Surface forming motion refers to the movement that shapes the workpiece into its desired geometry and dimensions. It includes three key components: the main motion, feed motion, and cutting motion. The main motion is responsible for removing excess material from the workpiece. It can take various forms, such as rotational movement of the workpiece (as in turning), linear movement (like planing on a shaper), or rotational movement of the tool (such as in milling or drilling), or even linear movement of the tool (as in sawing or broaching). The feed motion involves the relative movement between the tool and the workpiece, allowing the cutting process to continue. For example, during turning, the tool post moves along the machine bed’s guide. The cutting motion, on the other hand, refers to the movement that causes the tool to engage with the workpiece surface at a specific depth. Its purpose is to remove a defined thickness of material with each cutting stroke, such as the cross feed motion of the small tool post when turning an external surface.
(2) Auxiliary motions are essential for supporting the cutting process. These include rapid approach and withdrawal of the tool or workpiece, positioning adjustments, indexing of the workpiece or tool holder, feeding of raw material, starting, stopping, reversing, and automatic tool changing. These movements may not directly contribute to the shaping of the workpiece, but they are crucial for ensuring smooth operation, efficiency, and precision in machining operations.
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