The machining process in a machine tool is achieved through the relative movement between the cutting tool and the workpiece. This motion can be categorized into two main types: surface forming motion and auxiliary motion.
(1) Surface forming motion is responsible for shaping the workpiece to the desired geometry and dimensions. It consists of three key motions: the primary motion, feed motion, and cutting motion. The primary motion involves the removal of excess material from the workpiece blank. It can take various forms, such as rotational movement of the workpiece (as in turning), linear movement (like planing on a shaper), or rotational movement of the tool (such as in milling or drilling), or even linear movement of the tool (like in cutting or broaching). The feed motion refers to the movement that allows continuous cutting by positioning the tool and workpiece appropriately. For example, during external turning, the tool post moves along the machine's guide. The cutting motion is the action that feeds the tool into the workpiece surface to a specific depth, enabling the removal of a defined layer of material with each cut, such as the cross-feed motion of the small tool post during external turning.
(2) Auxiliary motions are essential for the overall operation and efficiency of the machine. They include actions like the rapid approach and retraction of the tool or workpiece, positioning adjustments, workpiece indexing, tool holder indexing, material feeding, starting, shifting, reversing, stopping, and automatic tool changing. These movements support the main machining process and ensure smooth operation, safety, and precision.
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