The enzyme fuel cell is a new kind of fuel cell, which converts the chemical energy in the substrate (such as sugar) into electricity directly through the catalysis of the enzyme on the electrode. Enzyme fuel cells have the advantages of mild reaction conditions, safety, environmental protection, easy availability of substrates, and low cost. They are considered to be one of the next generation of green batteries that can power mobile electronic products and have broad commercial prospects. Glucose is the most commonly used substrate in enzyme fuel cells and it has a very high energy storage density. However, in the previous studies, since only a single enzyme was used or a multi-enzyme system with a general efficiency was used, glucose substrates could not be fully oxidized and utilized, resulting in a large amount of chemical energy being difficult to release, and the energy conversion efficiency of the battery was low.
After more than one year's efforts, the In Vitro Synthetic Biology Team of the Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed an in vitro multi-enzyme molecular machine system that does not rely on ATP and CoA. This system consists of 12 enzymes and can completely oxidize glucose. Each glucose molecule releases 24 electrons and achieves near 100% energy conversion efficiency. The study quantitatively demonstrated for the first time that glucose can be completely oxidized in the enzyme fuel cell, maximizing the energy density of the sugar cell. In addition, the output current of the enzyme fuel cell at room temperature was increased from 2.8 to 6.9 mA/cm2 by replacing and adding a new enzyme device and in vitro engineering. This research indicates that the use of in vitro pathway engineering and multi-enzyme molecular machines to convert sugar energy into electricity has great potential and application prospects.
The research was strongly supported by the Tianjin Institute of Labor and Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cell-Free Bioinnovations of the United States, and Virginia Tech University. The relevant results were published in Metabolic Engineering. Zhu Zhiguang, the researcher of the Tianjin Institute of Engineering and Health, was the first author of the dissertation. .
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