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Common faults and protection methods for CNC machine tools
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With the continuous development of social production, the analysis and repair of mechanical equipment has gradually become an important operation. CNC machine tools as a typical equipment in the field of mechanical and electrical integration, electronic power, automation, motor, testing, computer The skills of machine tools, hydraulics, pneumatics and machining processes are integrated into one. It is uniquely suitable for occasions where the processing parts are messy, the precision is high, and the products are frequently updated. Any of its problems can cause the processing precision to drop, and even the machine stops. Production stop, and then bring unnecessary losses. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the research and repair of CNC machine tool faults; let's take a look at the first thing to know about CNC machine tools.
CNC machine tool is the abbreviation of machine tool that uses digital signal to control mechanical action; it is an automatic machine tool equipped with program control system. The control system can logically handle the program with control code or other symbol command rules; and decode it Then the machine tool moves and processes the parts. The CNC machine tools are usually composed of some machine tools, some CNCs, some drives, some auxiliary equipments, etc. Compared with the usual lathes; CNC machine tools have the following characteristics:
1. High processing precision; stable processing quality. Positioning accuracy is ±0.01 mm; repeat positioning accuracy is ±0.05 mm. Suitable for high value-added products with high production precision requirements.
2, can be multi-coordinate linkage; can process the shape of the messy parts. For example, the piston part of the combustion chamber, valve parts.
3, due to the high precision and rigidity of the machine tool itself, it is possible to select favorable processing dosage; greatly improve the production power.
4, the degree of automation of the machine tool is high; can reduce the labor intensity of the staff; and can complete one person multi-machine operation.
5. The essential needs of the personnel are relatively high; the skills of the repair personnel are higher.
These years; following the continuous expansion of our company's market demand and the improvement of the skill content of the products produced; the company introduced, produced and applied a large number of CNC machine tools in large quantities; it became the key equipment for the production of our company's pistons. In order to better use CNC machine tools; Make CNC machine tools carry forward its functions efficiently; now contact with our CNC machine tools to discuss some of the common mechanical problems and protection and repair methods common to CNC machine tools are as follows:
1. Spindle motor CNC machine tools mostly use variable frequency speed control motor. Frequency control motor has hard mechanical characteristics; excellent stability, no slip loss; high power, simple wiring, convenient control, low price, high power smoothness Speed ​​regulation; and high speed, high power; speed change agile, reliable, stepless speed change and other characteristics.
The common mechanical problems of variable frequency speed control motors are motor heating, oscillation, noise, etc.
(1), motor heating:
The main problem is that the motor is damaged by the fault of the electrical equipment; the mechanical fault is usually caused by damage to the motor bearing, large gap between the bearing and the motor when the rotor rotates at high speed, or the bearing lacks grease; the heat-dissipating fan does not work or may be damaged.
Repair method: usually replace the motor bearing or the bearing plus excess grease; check whether the exhaust fan is outstanding; remove the dirt on the exhaust fan.
(2), motor oscillation:
The cause of the oscillation is not only the bearing damage; the looseness of the motor fastening bolt or the excessive gap between the motor pulley and the motor shaft can cause the motor to oscillate.
Repair method: replace the motor bearing or the bearing grease; tighten the motor and the machine bed to connect the bolt; check the pulley dynamic balance; the gap between the inner diameter of the pulley and the motor spindle can be out of tolerance.
(3), motor noise:
The mechanical problem of motor noise is mainly caused by damage to the motor bearing or the bearing is short.
Repair method: replace the motor bearing; the bearing replaces the grease from the head; the best choice is the high temperature resistant grease; and the grease is over-modified.
2. Spindle box The spindle box component is one of the important parts of the machine tool. The spindle component and the support member are all selected with a new layout with good rigidity and vibration resistance. The machining precision, anti-vibration function and thermal deformation of the spindle are processed on the piston. The quality has a direct impact. Because the frequency conversion motor is selected; the headstock layout of the CNC machine tool is relatively simple. The first is the front and rear bearings supporting the main shaft; the motor is driven by the belt to directly transmit the power; the front end of the spindle (see Figure 2) is usually used. Double row cylindrical roller bearing 2 and angular touch ball bearing combination 3; rear bearing selection of double row cylindrical roller bearing. Front and rear bearings use lock nut 4 and bearing clearance adjustment pad 1 to eliminate adjustment of axial and radial clearance. This layout It can have a powerful cutting function; and the machining accuracy can also satisfy the needs of piston machining; it is the layout method of most control machine tools that our company has produced.
The main problem of the spindle is that the spindle heat, noise, processing scale is not stable.
Spindle heating, noise: The main reason for the heating of the main shaft is the bearing damage or the bearing lack of grease; the pre-tightening force of the bearing is too tight.
Repair method: the main shaft heat is to find the heat source first; determine which end of the bearing heat is incurred; then change the main shaft by hand; determine whether the elastic can be uniform when the main shaft changes; whether there is a sinking point. If it is the bearing caused by the spindle heating; To replace or remove the spindle bearing, bearing plus excess grease. When removing the bearing, usually use kerosene or gasoline to remove; first wash and then fine wash; then evenly change the high temperature resistant grease and then assemble from the beginning. If the bearing preload Excessive heat caused by the overheating; first check the gap between the bearing and the bearing clearance adjusting pad before and after the measurement; the demand is not under the external force of the lock nut; the gap between the bearing and the bearing clearance adjusting pad is 0.08mm-0.10mm Between; then lock the nut from the head; eliminate the bearing clearance.
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