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User Conch asks: In dusty environments, on one hand, it can lead to pneumoconiosis; on the other hand, when dust concentration and oxygen levels reach a certain threshold and there is an open flame, an explosion may occur, which is extremely dangerous. What are the different types of dust? And what are the national standards for classifying environmental hazards in dust-related operations? Expert reply: Wang Xiaoxuan from the Information Center of Sinosteel Wuhan Safety and Environmental Protection Research Institute Co., Ltd. What are the classifications of dust? Dust can be categorized in various ways depending on the criteria used. Here are some common classification methods: 1. **Classification based on the substance that forms the dust** This is one of the most commonly used methods. For example, dust from coal is called coal dust, dust from cotton is known as cotton dust, and dust from asbestos is referred to as asbestos dust. Dust can be further divided into: - **Inorganic dust**: This includes mineral dust (e.g., quartz, asbestos, coal dust), metallic dust (e.g., iron, lead, zinc dust), and artificial inorganic dust (e.g., silicon carbide, cement, glass powder). - **Organic dust**: This category includes animal dust (e.g., hair, feather dust), plant dust (e.g., grain, tobacco, tea dust), and artificial organic dust (e.g., synthetic fiber, organic dye dust). - **Mixed dust**: This refers to a combination of different types of dust, such as a mixture of inorganic and organic particles. 2. **Classification based on the production process** Different industrial processes generate different types of dust. For instance, during lead smelting, dust such as lead sintering dust or lead ingot dust may be produced. This classification helps in selecting the appropriate control measures, as different processes often result in dust with varying particle sizes and physical properties. Some examples include: - **Primary dust**: Directly emitted from the source. - **Secondary dust**: Emitted after partial collection and not fully removed. - **Bursting dust**: Includes dust from activities like crushing, transportation, storage, and burning. 3. **Classification based on particle size** Dust can also be classified according to its visibility under normal conditions: - **Visible dust**: Particles larger than 10 microns, visible to the naked eye. - **Microscopic dust**: Particles between 0.25 and 10 microns, observable under a standard optical microscope. - **Ultra-microscopic dust**: Particles smaller than 0.25 microns, only visible under a microscope or electron microscope. 4. **Classification based on physical properties** Dust has various physical characteristics, such as hygroscopicity, stickiness, flammability, electrical conductivity, and solubility. Based on these, dust can be classified as: - Hygroscopic or non-hygroscopic - Sticky or non-sticky - Flammable or non-flammable - High-resistance, medium-resistance, or conductive - Soluble or insoluble 5. **Classification based on the mechanism of harm to the human body** Different types of dust cause health issues through different mechanisms: - **Silica-containing dust**, such as quartz or talc, can cause lung fibrosis and nodules. - **Asbestos dust** is fibrous and can lead to asbestosis and cancer. - **Radioactive dust** can cause radiation damage. - **Toxic dust**, like lead or chromium dust, can cause poisoning. - **Non-toxic dust**, such as coal or cement dust, can still cause pneumoconiosis if inhaled over time. What are the national standards for classifying environmental hazards in dust operations? According to the national standard GB/T 5817-2009 "Classification of Dust Workplaces," approved by the National Standards Committee and implemented on December 1, 2009, the level of hazard in a dust workplace is determined by whether the dust concentration exceeds the permissible limit. This standard replaced the earlier GB5817-1986 and provides a clear framework for enterprises to manage dust exposure, improve workplace conditions, protect workers' health, and support occupational safety and health regulation.

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