The development and utilization of mineral resources have a long history in China. However, until the Qing Dynasty, the ways of finding, developing, and using them have changed little, and they have been conducted in a small-scale handicraft industry. Its mineral types are also limited to gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, zinc, nickel, mercury, and a small amount of non-metallic minerals such as coal, sulfur, nitrate, alkalis, and salts.
With the rise of the first industrial revolution and the rapid development of modern mining, since the middle of the 19th century, China has begun to introduce scientific methods of general search for minerals and geological sciences, and has purposely launched geological surveys and exploitation of mineral resources. It has been more than 100 years of history. Among them, it can be divided into two stages. Taking 1949 as the dividing line, the two phases have great differences in the quantity and scale of the discovery and utilization of mineral resources.
The first stage was from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. The main purpose is to introduce advanced science and technology and train talents to conduct preliminary surveys of geological minerals. Due to the fact that there are not many geologists, frequent wars in the country, invasions of Japanese imperialism, etc., they were not discovered until the 30s and 40s. The well-known minerals include Baiyun Obo Iron Mine, Huainan Coal Mine, Panzhihua Iron Mine, Guizhou Aluminous Mine, Yunnan Phosphorus Mine, and Guangxi Uranium Mine. For mining areas that have been previously discovered or mined, such as the Daye Iron Mine, the Copper and Iron Mines in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, the Shanxi Coal Mine, the Gejiu Tin Mine, the Gannan Tungsten Mine, the Dongchuan Copper Mine, the Hunan Xiangyu Mercury Mine, and certain Hunan Metal Minerals, Exploration and evaluation work has also been conducted. Yumen Oilfield is China's earliest developed oilfield discovered during the Anti-Japanese War. At the same time, some preliminary investigations have also been carried out on oil field fields in Xinjiang, Shaanxi, and Sichuan. The production of the Shaanbei oilfield, under the auspices of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region government, increased its reserves in 1943 to the total production of 1921-35. The second stage, 1949-1985. The great achievements made at this stage are unprecedented in Chinese history. According to relevant information, more than 150 types of minerals were discovered during this period, more than 15,000 mining areas, and 137 kinds of minerals with proven reserves, including energy minerals, ferrous metal minerals, non-ferrous metals and precious metal minerals, rare elements , rare earth elements and disperse element minerals, special non-metallic minerals, building materials and other non-metallic minerals. Most of the proven reserves of minerals can meet the needs of industrial and agricultural, defense industries, and cutting-edge industries, and some can also be exported.
In terms of energy minerals, the coal fields discovered in the 50s include Pingdingshan in Henan, Zhongliangshan in Sichuan, Table Mountain in Ningxia, Shiguazi in Inner Mongolia, Zhahe in Huaibei, Yongcheng in East Henan, Yanzhou in Shandong, Tengxian, Jining, Feicheng and Shulan in Jilin. Liaoning Tiefa, Shenbei, Nantuo, etc.; coal fields discovered in the 1960s include Sichuan Dukou, Guizhou Liuzhi, Pan County, Shuicheng, Ningxia Shihei, Henan Qixian, Gansu Huating, etc.; Shandong Huangxian, Sichuan Qilian, Large coalfields such as Fuyuan Old Plant in Yunnan Province were discovered in the 1970s; Dongsheng, Huolinhe, Baiyanhua, Yuanbaoshan, Yimin River, Xilinguole, Wunet, Honghuaerji, Inner Mongolia, Zhaotong, Yunnan, Junggar, Xinjiang, and Turpan-Hami. Shaanxi Fugu, Shanxi Hedong and other large coal fields were discovered in the 1980s.
In oil and natural gas, since the discovery of Daqing Oilfield in 1959, it has been successively discovered in North China, Dagang, Shengli, Zhongyuan, Liaohe, Jianghan, Nanyang, Chuanzhong, Changqing, North Jiangsu, Tarim North, Tarim, Junggar and Bohai and Yellow Sea. , Donghai, South China Sea oil and gas fields. The discovery and development of these oil and gas fields provide a reliable energy base for China's industrial and transportation development.
In terms of atomic energy, from the late 1950s to the 1960s, 183 uranium deposits were discovered throughout the 1980s after the discovery of the Nanxiong 201, Renhua 211, and Zoige 510 deposits in Sichuan. , submitted 12 deposits. There are 22 provinces and regions in China have proven reserves of uranium ore.
In terms of ferrous metal minerals, the iron ore mines that have been discovered include Anshan, Benxi, Jidong, Panxi, Baiyun Obo, Daye, Ninglang, Jingtieshan, Wutai and Shilu. Among them, Jingtieshan and Wutai Iron Mine were discovered in the 1950s. Manganese mines include Liaoning Wafang, Guizhou Zunyi, Guangxi Xilei and other mining areas. The chromite includes the Robusha in southern Tibet and the Dongqiao two major chromite deposits in northern Tibet.
In non-ferrous metal minerals, copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, nickel, antimony, mercury and other minerals, proven large-scale mining areas have Jiangxi Dexing porphyry copper mine, Chengmenshan, Wushan copper mine ,Pingshan Yongping Copper Mine, Shanxi Zhongtiaoshan Copper Mine, Anhui Tongling Copper Mine, Yunnan Dongchuan-Yimen Copper Mine, Tibet Yulong Copper Mine, Qinghai Delini Copper-Cobalt Mine, Heilongjiang Duobaoshan Copper Mine, Hubei Daye - Yangxin Copper Mine. There are large-scale bauxite mines at Xihe base in Xiaoyi, Shanxi, and Gongxian in Henan, Xiuwen and Qingzhen in Guizhou, and bauxite in Guixi, Guangxi. Lead-zinc mines include the southern Hunan-Northern Guangdong lead-zinc mines (including large-scale lead-zinc mines such as Fankou, Shuikoushan-Kangjiawan and Huangshaping), Gannan Xihe-chengxian lead-zinc mines, and Xilanping Jinding lead-zinc mines. Mine, Qinghai Xitieshan lead-zinc mine, Jiangsu Qixiashan lead-zinc mine, Inner Mongolia Langshan area Zhaowu Dameng lead-zinc mine (including Langshan area and Zhangjiakou Caijiaying lead-zinc mine), Sichuan Huili lead-zinc mine. Tungsten mines include tungsten mines and tungsten-tin deposits such as Xihua Mountain in South Fujian, Shizhuyuan in Hunan, Lokeng in Fujian, and Lianping Sawmill in North Guangdong. Tin mines include Gejiu in Yunnan, Dachang in Guangxi, Yinyan in Guangdong, and Tin West Tin Mine. Molybdenum mines include Liaoning Yangjiazhangzi, Jilin Yongji, Shaanxi Jinduicheng, and Henan Luanchuan molybdenum mine. Tantalum mines include Hunan tin mines, Xiangling West, Gansu Yawan, and Guizhou Qinglong Mine. There are mercury mines in Guizhou Wanshan, Wushan, Danzhai, Tongren, Huangping, Shaanxi Xiumian mercury mines and so on. Nickel mines include the Yongchuan Jinchuan copper-nickel ore, Xinjiang Fuyun, and Hami nickel mines.
Some of these metal minerals have been discovered in ancient or modern times, but only after the establishment of the People's Republic of China did geological work begin to ascertain the reserves.
In rare and rare earth minerals, rare and rare earth minerals have never been mined and utilized in ancient times, but are new minerals that are indispensable to modern industry. It has been proven that there are rare or rare earth deposits in Bayan Obo, Altay, Xinjiang, Northwest Sichuan, and Fujian Nanping Office.
In terms of precious metal minerals, there are Jiaodong Lingyuangou, Jiuqu, Laizhou, Jiaojia New City, Sanshandao Gold Mine, Yushanshan Xiaoqinling and Xiong'ershan Gold Mine, Heilongjiang Gold Mine, Henan Jinchangyu, and Xiaoyingpan Gold Mine. Jilin Jiapigou Gold Mine, Guangdong Hetai Gold Mine, etc. There are also Zhejiang Yinkengshan Gold and Silver Mine, Yunnan Jinchang Nickel Gold Mine, Jinbaoshan Platinum Mine, Henan Hard Hill Silver Mine and so on.
In non-metallic minerals, there are phosphate deposits, pyrite, salt, gypsum, Glauber's salt, arsenic, alum, asbestos, mica, talc, magnesite, graphite, jade, kaolinite and other deposits. Among the famous minerals, phosphorus is Kunyang in Yunnan, Liyang in Hunan, Kaiyang in Guizhou, and Liyang in Hunan and Mianyang in Sichuan; sulfur in Baiyinchang in Gansu, Dajiangping in Guangdong, Lancang and Xiangshan in Anhui, Dongsheng Temple in Inner Mongolia, and Guangdong Ying De and other places such as pyrite.
Other non-metallic minerals such as salt, boron, potassium (lithium, magnesium) and other minerals, special non-metallic minerals such as diamonds, crystals, blue asbestos, asbestos mica, gemstones, and non-metallic minerals required for construction, cement, etc. Major progress.
The discovered minerals discovered after 1949 all have the characteristics of complete data, detailed reserves, etc., which facilitate the use of development and utilization units.
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