plating

1. Cathode: The object to be plated refers to various connector terminals. 2. Anode: If it is a soluble anode, it is intended to be metallized. In the case of insoluble anodes, most of them are precious metals (platinum, yttrium oxide). Elements of electroplating Elements of electroplating:

1. Cathode: The object to be plated refers to various connector terminals.

2. Anode: If it is a soluble anode, it is intended to be metallized. If it is an insoluble anode, most of it is a precious metal (platinum, yttrium oxide).

3. Electroplating solution: Contains electroplating solution to be plated with metal ions.

4. Electroplating tank: It can withstand and store the tank of electroplating syrup. Generally consider the factors such as strength, corrosion resistance and temperature resistance.

5. Rectifier: A device that provides DC power.
The purpose of electroplating The purpose of electroplating: electroplating has different purposes in addition to the requirements of various electroplating requirements.

1. Copper plating: used as a primer to improve the adhesion of the plating layer and the ability to resist corrosion.

2. Nickel plating: base or appearance, improve corrosion resistance and wear resistance, (where chemical nickel is more resistant to chrome plating in modern processes).

3. Gold plating: Improve the conductive contact resistance and improve signal transmission.

4. Palladium-plated nickel: Improve the conductive contact resistance, improve signal transmission, and wear resistance is better than Jinjia.

5. Tin-plated lead: Improve the welding ability, and be replaced by other substitutes (because lead is mostly changed to bright tin and matte tin).
Electroplating concept When electroplating slicing is performed, a plated metal or other insoluble material is used as an anode, and a metal product to be plated is used as a cathode, and a cation of the plated metal is reduced on the metal surface to form a plating layer. In order to eliminate the interference of other cations and make the plating layer uniform and firm, it is necessary to use a solution containing a plating metal cation as a plating solution to keep the concentration of the metal cation of the plating layer unchanged. The purpose of electroplating is to plate a metal plating on the substrate to change the surface properties or size of the substrate. Electroplating can enhance the corrosion resistance of the metal (the corrosion-resistant metal is mostly used for the plated metal), increase the hardness, prevent wear, improve conductivity, Lubricity, heat resistance, and aesthetic appearance.
Plating A technique of depositing a well-attached metal coating with different properties and matrix material on a mechanical article by electrolysis. The electroplated layer is more uniform than the hot dip layer and is generally thin, ranging from a few microns to tens of microns. Through electroplating, it is possible to obtain decorative protective and various functional surface layers on mechanical products, as well as to repair worn and machined workpieces. The coating is mostly a single metal or alloy, such as titanium target, zinc, cadmium, gold or brass, bronze, etc.; also has a dispersion layer, such as nickel-silicon carbide, nickel-fluorinated graphite, etc.; and a laminate layer, such as steel The copper-nickel-chromium layer, the silver-indium layer on the steel, and the like. In addition to iron-based cast iron, steel and stainless steel "target=_blank> stainless steel, there are also non-ferrous metals such as ABS plastic, polypropylene, polysulfone and phenolic plastics, but special plating must be applied before plastic plating. And sensitization.
Principle of electroplating Electroplating schematic diagram In the plating tank containing electroplating solution, the parts to be plated which have been cleaned and specially pretreated are used as cathodes, and the anode is made of plated metal, and the two poles are respectively connected with the negative pole and the positive pole of the direct current power source. The plating solution is composed of an aqueous solution containing a plating metal compound, a conductive salt, a buffer, a pH adjuster, and an additive. After energization, the metal ions in the plating solution move to the cathode under the action of a potential difference to form a plating layer. The metal of the anode forms metal ions into the plating solution to maintain the concentration of the plated metal ions [2]. In some cases, such as chrome plating, it is an insoluble anode made of lead, lead-bismuth alloy, which only acts to transmit electrons and conduct current. The concentration of chromium ions in the electrolyte is maintained by periodically adding a chromium compound to the plating solution. During plating, the quality of the anode material, the composition of the plating solution, the temperature, the current density, the energization time, the stirring strength, the precipitated impurities, the power supply waveform, etc. all affect the quality of the coating and need to be controlled at the right time.
The four development stages of electroplating power supply (1) DC generator stage, this power supply has large energy consumption, low efficiency and high noise. Has been eliminated.

(2) The silicon rectification stage is a replacement product of the DC generator. The technology is very mature, but the efficiency is low, the volume is large, and the control is inconvenient. At present, there are still many companies using this electroplating power supply.

(3) The thyristor rectification stage is currently the mainstream power source for replacing silicon rectification power supply, featuring high efficiency, small size and convenient regulation. With the core device - the maturity and development of thyristor technology. The power supply technology has become increasingly mature and has been widely used.

(4) Transistor switching power supply, pulse power stage Pulse plating power supply is the most advanced electroplating power supply today. Its emergence is a revolution in electroplating power supply. This kind of power supply has small volume, high efficiency, superior performance and stable ripple coefficient. Moreover, it is not susceptible to the influence of output current. Pulse plating power supply is the development direction and has been used in enterprises.
Electroplating plating is divided into hanging plating, barrel plating, continuous plating and brush plating, etc., mainly related to the size and batch of the parts to be plated. Hang plating is suitable for general-sized products such as bumpers for automobiles, handlebars for bicycles, etc. Barrel plating is suitable for small parts such as fasteners, washers, pins, etc. Continuous plating is suitable for wire and strip production in batches. Brush plating is suitable for partial plating or repair. The electroplating solution is acidic, alkaline and acidic and neutral solution with chrome mixture. Regardless of the plating method, the plating tank and hanging hanger which are in contact with the product to be plated and the plating solution should have a certain degree. Versatility.
The coating coating of the coating is divided into two types: decorative protective coating and functional coating.

Decorative protective coating
Mainly in the chrome plating on iron metal, non-ferrous metals and plastics, especially the copper-nickel-chromium layer of steel, the nickel-chromium layer on zinc and steel. In order to save nickel, it has been possible to plate copper-nickel/iron-high sulfur nickel-nickel/iron-low solid nickel-chromium layers on steel. Tin/nickel plating similar to chrome plating for analytical balances, chemical pumps, valves and flow meters.

Functional coating
There are many types of such coatings, such as: 1 sliding bearing cover coating for improving compatibility and embedding of the journal, lead-tin, lead-copper-tin, lead-indium and the like; 2 for wear resistance , hard chrome plating on the piston ring of high-speed diesel engine, this coating can also be used on plastic molds, with non-stick mold and long service life; 3 copper plating on the sliding surface of large herringbone gear can prevent early sliding surface Raising; 4 galvanizing to prevent atmospheric corrosion of the steel substrate; 5 copper-tin plating to prevent nitriding; 6 tin-zinc plating for brazing in radio and television manufacturing and preventing corrosion of galvanic cells between steel and aluminum . Engineering coatings for repair and fabrication, such as chrome, silver, copper, etc., are relatively thick, and the hard chrome layer can be as thick as 300 microns.
Common surface treatment process (1) Steel parts electroplating process
â”Œ Acid galvanizing degreasing â†’ Derusting â†’ â”‚ â†’ Purification â†’ Dry â”” alkaline galvanizing

(2) Steel parts at room temperature blackening process
â”Œ Dip dehydration and anti-rust oil â”‚ â”‚ Drying and degreasing â†’ Derusting â†’ Blackening at room temperature â†’ â”‚ Dipping soap liquid â†’ â†’ Dipping spindle oil or oil â”‚ â”‚ â”” å°é— å°é— å‰‚

(3) Steel phosphating process
Degreasing â†’ derusting â†’ surface adjustment â†’ phosphating â†’ painting

(4) ABS/PC plastic plating process
Degreasing â†’ Hydrophilic â†’ Pre-coarsening (PC â‰¥ 50%) â†’ Coarsening â†’ Neutralization â†’ Whole Surface â†’ Activation â†’ Debonding â†’ Chemical Nickel Plating â†’ Copper Concentration â†’ Copper Plating â†’ Semi-Flat Nickel Plating â†’ High Sulfur Nickel â†’ bright nickel plating â†’ plating â†’ chrome plating

(5) PCB plating process
Degreasing â†’ roughening â†’ prepreg â†’ activation â†’ debonding â†’ electroless copper plating â†’ copper plating â†’ acid degreasing â†’ microetching â†’ plating low stress nickel â†’ bright nickel plating â†’ gold plating â†’ drying

(6) Multi-layer plating process for steel parts
Degreasing â†’ Descaling â†’ Plating ** Copper â†’ Copper plating â†’ Semi-bright nickel plating â†’ High-sulfur nickel plating â†’ Bright nickel plating â†’ Nickel sealing â†’ Chrome plating

(7) Steel parts pre-treatment process
(grinding parts, non-grinding parts) 1. Grinding parts â†’ wax removal â†’ hot dip oil removal â†’ electric oil removal â†’ acid etching â†’ non-plating 2, non-grinding parts â†’ hot dip oil removal â†’ electric degreasing oil â†’ acid etching â†’ other plating

(8) Zinc alloy parts pre-plating process
Dewaxing â†’ Hot Dip Removal â†’ Electric Degreasing â†’ Acid Etching â†’ Alkali Copper Plating â†’ Copper Plating or Copper Pyrophosphate â†’ Other Plating

(9) Process for pre-plating aluminum and its alloys
Dewaxingâ†’Hot-dip de-oilingâ†’Electrical de-oilingâ†’Corrosion descalingâ†’Chemical zinc immersionâ†’Immersion acidâ†’Secondary sinkingâ†’Alkaline copper or nickel platingâ†’Other electroplating wax removalâ†’Hot oil removalâ†’Electrical oil removalâ†’Acid Eclipse descalingâ†’aluminum chromizingâ†’dryingâ†’spraying or dustingâ†’drying or rougheningâ†’finishing wax removalâ†’hot leaching oilâ†’electric de-oilingâ†’acid etching descalingâ†’anodizingâ†’dyeingâ†’sealingâ†’dryingâ†’finished products

(10) Iron chrome plating process
Dewaxing â†’ Hot Dip Degreasing â†’ Cathode â†’ Anode â†’ Electro-dehydration â†’ Weak Acid Etching â†’ Pre-plated Alkali Copper â†’ Acid Bright Copper (Select) â†’ Bright Nickel â†’ Chrome Plating or Other Dewaxing â†’ Hot Dip Removal â†’ Cathode â†’ Anode â†’ Electric oil release â†’ weak acid etching â†’ semi-bright nickel â†’ high sulfur nickel â†’ bright nickel â†’ nickel seal (selection) â†’ chrome plating

(11) Zinc alloy chrome plating process
Dewaxing â†’ Hot Dip Degreasing â†’ Cathodic Electric Degreasing â†’ Acid Picking â†’ Alkaline Bright Copper â†’ Copper Pyrophosphate (Selective) â†’ Acid Bright Copper (Selective) â†’ Bright Nickel â†’ Chrome Plating

(12) Electric truss and dyeing process
Pretreatment or electroplating â†’ Pure water washing (2-3 times) â†’ Prepreg â†’ Electric truss â†’ Recycling â†’ Pure water washing (2-3 times) â†’ Drying â†’ Finished stainless steel "target=_blank> Stainless steel bright nickel process: organic Solvent degreasingâ†’chemical degreasingâ†’water washingâ†’cathode electrolysis activationâ†’flash nickel platingâ†’water washingâ†’activationâ†’water washingâ†’plating bright nickelâ†’water washingâ†’passivationâ†’water washingâ†’water washingâ†’hot water washingâ†’dryingâ†’dryingâ†’acceptance.

The bright nickel layer on the rust steel is a silver-white metal with a slight yellow light. Its hardness is higher than that of copper, zinc, tin, cadmium, gold, silver, etc., but lower than that of chromium and bismuth. Bright nickel has high chemical stability in air and good stability to alkali. Stainless steel " target=_blank> stainless steel is coated with bright nickel without polishing, to improve the hardness, wear resistance and leveling of the surface. In the appearance, the stainless steel "target=_blank> stainless steel and other plating Nickel parts have the same appearance and avoid corrosion of the contact potential difference between stainless steel "target=_blank> stainless steel and other bright nickel.

The brightener in stainless steel "target=_blank> stainless steel bright nickel solution has developed rapidly in recent years, and there are many varieties. In summary, the development of brightener has gone through four years. The first generation is also the most original product for saccharin plus Butynediol. It can be plated with bright nickel with high leveling. Its application flourished in the 1960s and 1970s. However, due to the instability of butynediol in the nickel plating bath, the life is short, organic impurities Accumulated quickly, need to deal with the nickel tank frequently, so the second generation of nickel-plated brightener, such as BE, 791 brightener, was synthesized by epichlorohydrin or propylene oxide and butynediol. BE and 791 retain an alkyne group, and later progress to polymerize the pyridyl group to form a third-generation product with faster light output, less brightener, and longer service life. Now further use nickel-plated bright A variety of combinations of agent intermediates constitute a new generation of brighteners has been developed to the fourth generation of products. It uses less, faster light output, longer processing cycle, and deeper plating ability.

Stainless steel " target=_blank> stainless steel bright nickel process: organic solvent degreasing â†’ chemical degreasing (oxygen sodium 40g / L, sodium carbonate 30g / L, trisodium phosphate 50g / L, OP - emulsifier 3mL / L, Temperature 80~90 Â°C, time 30min)â†’washingâ†’cathodic electrolysis activation (1+1 hydrochloric acid solution, room temperature, Dk1~3A/dm2, time 5min, anode cloth coated carbon plate)â†’flash nickel plating (nickel chloride 180~) 220g / L, hydrochloric acid 120g / L, room temperature, current density 4A / dm2, time 5 ~ lOmin, anode nickel plate) â†’ water wash â†’ activation [sulfuric acid 5% (V), time 5s] â†’ water wash â†’ bright nickel plating (time 5 ~lOmin, or the time required for thickness)â†’washingâ†’passivation (potassium dichromate 1s0g/L, sodium dichromate 150g/L, sulfuric acid 30~50mL/L, room temperature, time 20~25s)â†’washingâ†’washing â†’ Hot water wash â†’ dry â†’ dry â†’ acceptance.
Http://news.chinawj.com.cn Editor: (Hardware Business Network Information Center) http://news.chinawj.com.cn

Steel Structures can be used in many industries such as foundation reinforce, electric power transmission structures and tubular scaffolding, etc.

A flange can also be a plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe. A blind flange is a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. A flange joint is a connection of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together.

Although the word flange generally refers to the actual raised rim or lip of a fitting, many flanged plumbing fittings are themselves known as 'flanges':

There are many different flange standards to be found worldwide. To allow easy functionality and interchangeability, these are designed to have standardised dimensions. Common world standards include ASA/ASME (USA), PN/DIN (European), BS10 (British/Australian), and JIS/KS (Japanese/Korean). In the USA, ANSI stopped publishing B16.5 in 1996, and the standard is ASME B16.5

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