The characteristics of a triode can be categorized into input characteristics and output characteristics.
1. **Input Characteristics**
The input characteristic curve illustrates the relationship between the base current (Ib) and the base-emitter voltage (Ube). Its main features are as follows:
(1) When Ube is less than UbeR, the base current Ib is approximately zero, which defines the "dead zone" from 0 to UbeR. Once Ube exceeds UbeR, Ib increases gradually with Ube. In this region, the triode operates in a nearly linear section.
(2) For Uce values between 0 and 2 volts, the shape and position of the curve depend on Uce. However, when Uce is above 2 volts, the curve becomes largely independent of Uce. Typically, the input characteristics are represented by two curves for different Uce levels.
2. **Output Characteristics**
The output characteristic curve shows the relationship between the collector current (Ic) and the collector-emitter voltage (Uce). It is divided into three distinct regions:
- **Cut-off Region**: When Ube is less than zero, the base current Ib is nearly zero, and the collector current Ic equals Iceo, known as the leakage current. At room temperature, Iceo is typically a few microamperes. For germanium transistors, this value can be several tens to hundreds of microamperes.
- **Saturation Region**: In this region, both the emitter junction and the collector junction are forward-biased. Here, Ic does not significantly change with Ib, and the transistor loses its amplification capability.
- **Active (Amplification) Region**: When the emitter junction is forward-biased and the collector junction is reverse-biased, Ic changes linearly with Ib. This is the region where the triode functions as an amplifier.
It’s important to note that the behavior of the transistor also depends on temperature. For example, the reverse saturation current (Icbo) doubles every 12°C for germanium transistors and every 8°C for silicon transistors. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for designing and analyzing electronic circuits effectively.
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